判断推理题——判断

阅读的时候，给人留下第一印象的首先是文章的字面意思，然而，作者通过文字想要表达的内涵与深度通常远远超出文字本身所表达的尺度。这就需要我们掌握判断和推理的方法，对文章中潜在的思想进行挖掘，才能真正理解这篇文章的深层含义，才能真正理解作者写这篇文章的意图。

判断推理类的题目，是阅读理解中最高难度的类型。在我们对一篇文章的主要结构、主旨大意有了相当的了解之后，还需要对所有的细节进行精确的分析，而这些仅仅是进行判断推理的基础。

判断

在阅读中，有时要求我们对文章中阐述的事实或细节，按照逻辑发展的规律，进行分析和概括，并以此为依据得出合乎逻辑的结论。我们将这个过程称作“判断”。

有时我们需要对文章内容的正误作出判断；有时需要借助上下文对个别词语的大意作出判断；有时需要根据关联，对上下文进行预测性判断；有时需要在综合分析的基础上，通过判断得出结论；有时还需要对作者语气态度、思想倾向等等作出判断。判断贯穿于阅读的全过程，也渗透在各项阅读技能中。

在阅读中作判断，一定要以材料提供的事实为依据，作出合乎情理的判断或推理，即进行有限的联系，绝不能把自己的想法加进去。步骤如下：

1. 确定作者的观点及写作的理由；

2. 分析材料提供的全部事实；

3. 注意词的本意和联系义，将材料中已知的事实与材料中没有表达的概念联系起来；

4. 推论一定要紧扣文章提供的事实和证据。离开文章中的事实，曲解文章的事实，或对文章的事实缺乏全面的了解，都可能会作出不合理的推论。

来看一篇阅读文章。

2009 江苏 D

Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall? What do you think caused this change in colour? It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank or from the nearby fields.

Components of Soil

Soil is made up of a number of layers (层), each having its own distinctive colour and texture. The upper layer is known as the litter. It acts like a blanket, limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus (腐殖质), which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. This layer is usually rich in nutrients, oxygen, and water. Below the topsoil is the subsoil, a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter. This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus. Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock.

Soil forms from the bottom up. Over time bedrock is attacked by rain, wind, frost, and snow. It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering. Plants begin to grow, and rotten materials enrich the topsoil. Most of the soil in Eastern Canada, for example, was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared l2, 000 years ago.

Water Beneath the Soil

Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes, ponds, and rivers. Once in the soil or rock, it is called groundwater. Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation (渗透). Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.

As water percolates downward, it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.

Soil pH

Soil can be acidic, neutral, or basic. The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock from which it was formed, and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot in it.

The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil. By burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gasoline, humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils. When fossil fuels are burned, gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain. Acid soil increases the problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels. As nutrients are removed, soil is less fertile. Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil, and also become easily attacked by diseases.

1. The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called ____.

A. litter    B. topsoil    C. humus    D. subsoil

2. According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?

A. Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface.

B. The deeper layer of soil is darker in colour than the surface soil.

C. Air pollution is partially responsible for acid soil.

D. Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth.

3. We can infer from the passage that the water table lies ____.

A. between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer

B. in the subsoil layer above bedrock

C. between the subsoil layer and bedrock

D. in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil

4. The underlined word “dissolve” is used to express the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil are ____.

A. rushed away into the river

B. cleaned and purified by water

C. destroyed and carried away by water

D. mixed with water and become part of it

【答案】

1. B  2. B  3. C  4. D

【解析】

1. 事实细节题。The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus (腐殖质), which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. This layer is usually rich in nutrients, oxygen, and water.

2. 判断推理题。This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus. Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock. 可以看出答案。

3. 判断推理题。Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.可以看出答案。

4. 词义猜测题。水渗透下来以后，泥土中有机质和其他物质和水按常识是和水混在一起，然后溶解。